![]() ![]() Public debt and inflation are at levels not seen in decades, with double-digit inflation present in half of countries-eroding household purchasing power and striking at the most vulnerable.If no measures are taken, “this shortage of funding may force countries to reduce fiscal resources for critical development like health, education, and infrastructure, holding the region back from developing its true potential.” It says that growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to slow to 3.6 percent as a “big funding squeeze”, tied to “the drying up of aid and access to private finance,” hits the region in this second consecutive year of an aggregate decline. In its April Outlook, the IMF devotes a chapter to Sub-Saharan Africa, titled “ The Big Funding Squeeze”. It says that the road to global economic recovery is “getting rocky.’ And that while inflation is slowly falling, economic growth remains ‘historically low,’ and that the financial risks have risen. In its reporting on that, it lowers global economic growth outlook as ‘fog thickens.’ In its April 2023 World Economic Outlook, the International Monetary Fund ( IMF) talks about a rocky recovery. Don't worry about the terms leptokurtic and platykurtic for this course.MADRID, (IPS)- As many as 45 African countries –out of the Continent’s 54 nations–, all of them grouped in what is known as Sub-Saharan Africa, have now been further squeezed to their bones, as funding shrinks to lowest ever levels, and as a portion of the so-called aid goes back to the pockets of rich donor countries. Here is a video that summarizes how the mean, median and mode can help us describe the skewness of a dataset. ![]() Skewness and symmetry become important when we discuss probability distributions in later chapters. If the distribution of data is symmetric, the mode = the median = the mean.if the distribution of data is skewed to the left, the mean is less than the median, which is often less than the mode.Again, the mean reflects the skewing the most. Of the three statistics, the mean is the largest, while the mode is the smallest. The mean is 7.7, the median is 7.5, and the mode is 7. The mean and the median both reflect the skewing, but the mean reflects it more so.Ĭonsider the following data set: 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 10. Notice that the mean is less than the median, and they are both less than the mode. The mean is 6.3, the median is 6.5, and the mode is seven. A distribution of this type is called skewed to the left because it is pulled out to the left.įigure 2. The right-hand side seems "chopped off" compared to the left side. In a symmetrical distribution that has two modes (bimodal), the two modes would be different from the mean and median.Ĭonsider the following data set: 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8. This example has one mode (unimodal), and the mode is the same as the mean and median. In a perfectly symmetrical distribution, the mean and the median are the same. The mean, the median, and the mode are each seven for these data. A distribution is symmetrical if a vertical line can be drawn at some point in the histogram such that the shape to the left and the right of the vertical line are mirror images of each other. The histogram displays a symmetrical distribution of data. Each interval has width one, and each value is located in the middle of an interval. This data set can be represented by following histogram. ![]()
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